ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ
ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱸᱪᱟᱭ, ᱚᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱡ ᱥᱟᱶ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ᱾ ᱟᱫᱚᱛ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱢᱚᱛ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ᱾
ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ, ᱨᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱮᱞᱮᱱᱥ, ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱫᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱳᱥᱟᱨ, ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱥᱟᱣ, ᱵᱚᱞ ᱴᱨᱮᱠ ᱧᱩᱸᱡ, ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱯᱷᱞᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨᱥᱟᱡ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱᱰᱤᱯᱷᱞᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨᱮᱯᱨᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱦᱟ ᱟᱴᱠᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱧᱩᱨᱚᱜ ᱵᱚᱞ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱟ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ: ᱞᱟᱣᱠᱟ, ᱦᱤᱨᱟ, ᱯᱤᱱ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ᱾ ᱥᱯᱤᱨᱤᱴ ᱞᱮᱵᱷᱮᱞ, ᱰᱟᱭᱟᱞ ᱜᱮᱡᱽ, ᱵᱮᱞᱮᱱᱥ ᱨᱤᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱜᱵᱩᱠ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱸᱪᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱨᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱣᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱜᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾
ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ
ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱥᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱥᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱩᱸᱡᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱦᱮᱞᱟᱹᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱚᱞᱥᱟᱡ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱᱵᱚᱞᱨᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱴᱨᱮᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱤᱰᱤ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱵᱚᱞ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱣᱚᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱴᱮᱯᱷᱞᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ, 18–21 mm᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜ-ᱟ; ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱴᱥᱟᱡ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱᱯᱷᱨᱮᱴᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱦᱟ ᱟᱲ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱞᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱩᱯᱷᱩᱲ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱟ; ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱚᱞ ᱴᱨᱮᱠᱥᱟᱡ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱᱵᱚᱞ ᱴᱨᱮᱠᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱞ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ: ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱴᱨᱮᱠ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱧᱩᱸᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ᱾ ᱤᱛᱤᱦᱟᱹᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱤᱥᱴᱤᱠᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱦᱮᱞᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ: ᱛᱚᱨᱯ 1969 ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱮᱥᱠᱟᱨ 0.2 ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱮᱞᱟᱹᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱥᱤ 30% ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱞ ᱴᱨᱮᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱚᱠᱟᱨᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱮᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ (ᱮᱯᱥᱴᱮᱭᱤᱱ, 2013)᱾
ᱪᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱸᱪᱚᱜ-ᱟ
ᱛᱤᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ
ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱥᱤᱯᱷᱴ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱡᱟᱸᱪᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱹᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱟᱜᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱨᱚᱴᱚᱨᱥᱟᱡ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱᱨᱚᱴᱚᱨᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱵᱮᱞᱮᱱᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱷᱤᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ᱾ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟᱥᱟᱡ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟᱨᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 37 ᱮᱞ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ: ᱥᱞᱚᱴ, ᱠᱟᱯ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱴ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱮ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱵᱮᱥᱛ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱚᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱩᱞᱤᱭᱟ᱾ 24 ᱜᱷᱟᱸᱴᱟ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱵᱷ ᱥᱴᱩᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱦᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱟ᱾
ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱸᱪ᱾ ᱵᱚᱞ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱨᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱷᱤᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ; ᱵᱮᱭᱟᱨᱤᱝ ᱡᱟᱸᱪ; ᱰᱤᱯᱷᱞᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱴᱚᱨᱠ ᱡᱟᱸᱪ᱾
ᱨᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱣᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱟᱜ᱾ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱴ ᱥᱮᱞᱟᱜᱚᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱸᱪ᱾
ᱜᱮᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ; ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱞ ᱴᱨᱮᱠ ᱧᱩᱸᱡ ᱡᱟᱸᱪ; ᱧᱩᱸᱡ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ᱾
ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱡᱷᱤᱡ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱨᱣᱤᱥ᱾
ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱡᱟᱞᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱭ-ᱥᱠᱣᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱠᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱸᱪ ᱮᱦᱚᱵᱟ᱾
ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ
ᱨᱚᱴᱚᱨ (ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜᱥᱟᱡ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜᱨᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ: ᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ →) ᱵᱚᱣᱞᱥᱟᱡ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱᱵᱚᱣᱞᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱤᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ: ᱠᱟᱴ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱚᱡᱤᱴ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱞ ᱴᱨᱮᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱯᱨᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱣᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱟᱜᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱜᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱣᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱜᱚᱞᱚᱛ (ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ, ᱴᱨᱮᱠ) ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱩᱲᱤᱭᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱱᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ 10,000 ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱭᱟᱥ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱧᱟᱢᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱨᱮᱠ ᱥᱟᱶ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱩᱲᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ, ᱡᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱭᱟᱥ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱞᱟ, ᱵᱟᱭᱟᱥ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱪᱟᱵᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱤᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾
ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱤᱥᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ
ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱩᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱡᱟᱞᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱭ-ᱥᱠᱣᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱠᱷᱞᱮᱵᱠᱟᱭ-ᱥᱠᱣᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱠᱷᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱤᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ n/37 ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱤᱥᱴᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱠᱷ᱾ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱭᱟᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱵ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟ, ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱛᱷᱤᱨ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱥᱮᱞᱟᱜᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱡᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱡᱟᱸᱪᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱞᱰᱤᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱥᱟᱡ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱭᱟᱥ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱴᱷᱤᱱ᱾
ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ
ᱵᱟᱝ᱾ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱵᱟᱝ᱾ ᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱴᱷᱤᱠᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱞᱟᱸᱫᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱠ
ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱟᱯᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱯᱮ᱾
ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ
- Barnhart, R. T. Beating the Wheel.
- UK Gambling Commission. Remote gambling and software technical standards.
- Malta Gaming Authority. Gaming Devices Regulations and technical directives.
- Epstein, R. A. The Theory of Gambling and Statistical Logic, 2nd ed.