ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱞᱚ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ
ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱨᱚ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾
1863 ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱸᱥᱣᱟ ᱵᱞᱟᱸ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱫᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱮ-ᱠᱟᱨᱞᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱭᱟᱥ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ 1913 ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 26 ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ᱾
ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱟᱠᱳ
1850 ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱟᱠᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱮᱣᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱫᱤᱨᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱟᱨᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱥᱟᱶ᱾ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱯᱟ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱩᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱥ III 1856 ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱦᱚᱠ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ; ᱨᱮᱞ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱛᱤᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱤᱞ ᱪᱮᱥᱴᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱝᱜᱚᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱰ ᱦᱚᱢᱵᱩᱨᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱫ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱸᱥᱣᱟ ᱵᱞᱟᱸ 1863 ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱠ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ, Société des Bains de Mer ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱞ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱵ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱲᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱞᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ 1869 ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱨ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱣᱽᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾
ᱱᱤᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱨᱚ
ᱵᱞᱟᱸ ᱦᱚᱢᱵᱩᱨᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱨᱚᱪᱟᱠᱟᱡᱤᱨᱚᱢᱤᱫᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ, ᱰᱚᱡᱮᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ; ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱞ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ: ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱨᱚ, 0᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾ ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱞᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ: ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱫᱤᱱ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱭᱩᱨᱚᱯ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱠᱚ 2.70% ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱞᱚ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱥᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱛᱤᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱰᱚᱵᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱨᱚᱨᱩᱯᱰᱚᱵᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱨᱚᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 00 ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤ 2.70% ᱠᱷᱚᱱ 5.26% ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱞᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱽᱨᱟ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱷᱤᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾
ᱢᱚᱱᱟᱠᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱦᱤᱞ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱦᱚᱠ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱝᱜᱚᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ: ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ, ᱨᱮᱞ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ, ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ᱾
ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱸᱥᱣᱟ ᱵᱞᱟᱸ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾ Société des Bains de Mer ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾
ᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱞ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱦᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱞ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱦᱮᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
ᱢᱚᱱᱟᱠᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱨ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾
ᱡᱚᱥᱮᱯᱷ ᱡᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭᱟᱥ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ; ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ, ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱟ᱾
ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱥ ᱣᱮᱞᱥ ᱠᱟᱹᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ “ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ”, ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱭᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱡᱟᱣᱽᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾
26 ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ᱾ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱲᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱫᱟ᱾
ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱧᱪ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱩᱦᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱫᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱮ-ᱠᱟᱨᱞᱚ ᱨᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱮᱠᱮᱞᱟ ᱦᱚᱠ ᱟᱫ ᱮᱫᱟ᱾
ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ
ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱞᱚ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱫ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, “ᱵᱮᱸᱠ”᱾ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮᱵᱟᱡᱤᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ18 ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ᱾ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱧᱪ ᱨᱮ: ᱱᱣᱟᱨ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱠᱟᱹᱯᱲᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱵ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ: ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱫᱚ “ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ” ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱯᱨᱚᱪᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ; ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱫ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱥ ᱣᱮᱞᱥ (Charles Wells) 1891 ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱡᱟᱵ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱛ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱭᱩᱡᱤᱠ-ᱦᱚᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱩᱦᱲᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾
ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ
ᱡᱚᱥᱮᱯᱷ ᱡᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱭᱟᱥ ᱪᱟᱠᱟᱞᱮᱵᱵᱟᱭᱟᱥ ᱪᱟᱠᱟᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱛ ᱫᱚᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱵᱱᱟ 1/37 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ-ᱟ, ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → (ᱯᱟᱥᱮ 1880), ᱣᱮᱞᱥ (1891) ᱟᱨ 26 ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ (1913) ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱱᱚᱰᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱪᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱥᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱞᱚᱸᱰᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ 2.70% ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱞ ᱴᱤᱠᱤᱴ ᱟᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾
ᱛᱮᱦᱮᱧ ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱞᱚ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ
ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱮᱞᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱨᱚ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱧᱪ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ (ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱛᱟᱡᱽᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱛᱟᱡᱽᱯᱷᱨᱮᱧᱪ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ: ᱡᱤᱨᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ, 1.35% ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱸ ᱯᱨᱤᱡᱚᱸᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢᱚᱸ ᱯᱨᱤᱡᱚᱸᱯᱷᱨᱮᱧᱪ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ: ᱡᱤᱨᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ →)᱾ Société des Bains de Mer ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱚᱱᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱞᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱞᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱭᱢᱟᱱ 1940 ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱩᱞᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ᱾
ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ
ᱵᱟᱝ᱾ 19 ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ; ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾
ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱵᱱᱟᱜᱚᱱᱤᱛᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱵᱱᱟᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱡᱟᱞᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱵᱱᱟ, 0 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ 1 ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ 0% ᱠᱷᱚᱱ 100%᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱞ: 1/37 = 2.70%᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
ᱥᱴᱟᱱᱤᱥᱞᱟᱣ ᱩᱞᱟᱢ (Stanislaw Ulam) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱠᱟ ᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ; ᱢᱮᱱᱦᱮᱴᱚᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱡᱮᱠᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱱᱢᱩᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾
ᱞᱟᱸᱫᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱠ
ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱽᱨᱟ ᱥᱚᱱᱫᱮᱦ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾
ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Barnhart, R. T. Beating the Wheel.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.