ᱵᱟᱰ ᱦᱚᱢᱵᱩᱨᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱯᱟ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱠᱚ
ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱨᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱯᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
1840 ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱮᱱ-ᱵᱟᱰᱮᱱ, ᱣᱤᱥᱵᱟᱰᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱰ ᱦᱚᱢᱵᱩᱨᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱯᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱡ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱞ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱦᱚᱢᱵᱩᱨᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱨᱚ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ 1872 ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾
ᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱮᱱ
19 ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱯᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱳᱴᱮᱞ, ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱥᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ, 1820 ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱠᱩᱴᱤᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ; ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱩᱴᱤᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱭᱥᱮᱱᱥ ᱮᱢᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱢᱫᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱵᱟᱰᱮᱱ-ᱵᱟᱰᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱨᱦᱟᱣᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱣᱤᱥᱵᱟᱰᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱨᱦᱟᱣᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱨᱟᱸᱴ-ᱮ-ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱸᱴ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ; ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱧᱪ ᱦᱚᱲ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱠᱚ 1837 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱚᱸᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾
ᱦᱚᱢᱵᱩᱨᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱴᱟᱣ
ᱵᱟᱰ ᱦᱚᱢᱵᱩᱨᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱞᱟᱸ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱠᱤᱱ 1841 ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱦᱚᱠ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ 1843 ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱡᱤᱨᱚᱪᱟᱠᱟᱡᱤᱨᱚᱢᱤᱫᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ, ᱰᱚᱡᱮᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ; ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱞ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ: ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱨᱚ, 0᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱡᱨᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ: ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤᱜᱚᱱᱤᱛᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱟᱣᱥᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ: ᱭᱩᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ 2.70%᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → 5.26% ᱠᱷᱚᱱ 2.70% ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱡᱨᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱢᱵᱩᱨᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱥᱯᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱞᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱥᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱨᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾
ᱫᱚᱥᱛᱚᱭᱮᱵᱷᱥᱠᱤ
ᱯᱷᱤᱭᱳᱰᱚᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱛᱚᱭᱮᱵᱷᱥᱠᱤ (Fyodor Dostoevsky) 1860 ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱣᱤᱥᱵᱟᱰᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱢᱵᱩᱨᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱦᱱᱟ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱚᱠ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 26 ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ The Gambler (1866) ᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱭᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴᱮᱱᱵᱩᱨᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱯᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ, ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱛᱩᱠ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱞᱚᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱫ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ 1871 ᱨᱮ, ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱡᱩᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾
1872
ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱯᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱵᱚᱸᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ; ᱦᱚᱢᱵᱩᱨᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱰᱮᱱ-ᱵᱟᱰᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱠᱚ 1872 ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱵᱚᱸᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱞᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ 1863 ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱟᱠᱳ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱨᱚ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ᱾ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱯᱟ ᱠᱚ 20 ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱫᱩᱦᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ (ᱵᱟᱰᱮᱱ-ᱵᱟᱰᱮᱱ 1933 ᱨᱮ, ᱦᱚᱢᱵᱩᱨᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱣᱤᱥᱵᱟᱰᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ) ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱨᱚ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ, ᱦᱚᱢᱵᱩᱨᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱫ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱧᱪ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ᱾
ᱥᱯᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ
ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱨᱚ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ, ᱨᱤᱥᱚᱨᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱦᱚᱸ: ᱫᱚᱥᱛᱚᱭᱮᱵᱷᱥᱠᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱞᱮᱠᱥᱮᱭ, ᱛᱩᱨᱜᱮᱱᱮᱵᱷ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱭᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱯᱟ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱣᱽᱨᱟ 2.70% ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ; ᱥᱯᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱴ ᱜᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾
ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ
ᱦᱮᱸ᱾ ᱠᱩᱨᱦᱟᱣᱥ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ 1933 ᱨᱮ ᱫᱩᱦᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱧᱪ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱨᱚ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ᱾
ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱡᱨᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱫ ᱯᱟᱦᱤᱞ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱨᱚ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱱᱮᱛᱤᱠ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱱᱤᱛᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱟᱹᱢᱫᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾
ᱞᱟᱸᱫᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱠ
ᱥᱯᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱦᱚᱢᱵᱩᱨᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱨᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾
ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.