ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱠᱚ
ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱴᱤᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾
ᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱵᱩᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱡᱤᱠᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱟᱹ: ᱡᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱭᱟᱥ ᱪᱟᱠᱟᱞᱮᱵᱵᱟᱭᱟᱥ ᱪᱟᱠᱟᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱛ ᱫᱚᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱵᱱᱟ 1/37 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ-ᱟ, ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → (ᱯᱟᱥᱮ 1880), ᱨᱤᱱᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱤᱵᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱣᱟᱞᱯᱷᱚᱨᱰ (1947), ᱭᱩᱰᱮᱢᱚᱱᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱭᱩᱴᱟᱨ (1978), ᱜᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟ-ᱯᱮᱞᱟᱭᱳ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱧᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱭᱟᱥ ᱚᱞ (1990 ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ)᱾ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ “ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ” ᱡᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱥ ᱣᱮᱞᱥ, ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱭᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱛ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾
ᱡᱚᱥᱮᱯᱷ ᱡᱮᱜᱟᱨ (1830–1892)
ᱵᱽᱨᱮᱰᱯᱷᱚᱨᱰ ᱡᱷᱚᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱯᱷ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱩᱜᱲᱤ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱪᱮᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ 1860 ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱝᱜᱚᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ 1880 ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱞᱚ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ, ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱚᱞ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱦᱮᱡᱚᱜ ᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾ ᱥᱟᱵᱮᱫ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ, 1901 ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱮᱛᱷᱮᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱛᱷᱤ, ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ £120,000 ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ £40,000 ᱫᱩᱦᱲᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ £80,000, ᱯᱟᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱸ, ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱯᱟᱦᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ-ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱴ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱦᱩᱠᱩᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱤᱛ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱫ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱪᱟᱨ (2018), ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱧᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ, ᱯᱟᱦᱤᱞ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ 1880 ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ 1881 ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭ, ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 1873 ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ 1875 ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ᱾ ᱠᱩᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱠᱞᱟᱨᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱛᱷᱮᱞ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱟᱨᱮ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱴᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱦᱤᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ 1951 ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱥᱟᱵᱩᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ᱾ 1892 ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱜᱟᱹᱩᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱡᱚᱥᱮᱯᱷ ᱡᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱵᱩᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱥ ᱣᱮᱞᱥ (1841–1922)
ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ 1891 ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱪᱷᱟ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱞᱚ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱡᱟᱵ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱛ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ £40,000 ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱟᱝᱜᱚᱱᱚᱜ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱵᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱣᱽᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱭᱩᱡᱤᱠ-ᱦᱚᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ “The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo” ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱩᱦᱲᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱠᱤ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱴᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱭᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾
ᱦᱤᱵᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱣᱟᱞᱯᱷᱚᱨᱰ (1947)
1947 ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱜᱳ ᱵᱤᱥᱣᱚᱵᱤᱫᱽᱭᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱞᱟ, ᱜᱚᱱᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱜᱽᱨᱤ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱞᱵᱟᱨᱴ ᱦᱤᱵᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱠᱴᱟᱨᱤ ᱪᱮᱞᱟ ᱨᱚᱭ ᱣᱟᱞᱯᱷᱚᱨᱰ, ᱪᱩᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱤᱱᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ 38 ᱨᱮ 1 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱮᱡᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱥ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱥ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ Life ᱯᱚᱛᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 1947 ᱨᱮ “How to Win $6,500” ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ; ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ, ᱦᱤᱵᱥ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱷᱚᱨᱯ 1998 ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ 1949–50 ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ 40 ᱯᱷᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱞ ᱫᱩᱝᱜᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱨᱤᱵᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱦᱤᱵᱥ ᱫᱚ Jet Propulsion Laboratory ᱥᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ, ᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱚᱱᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱣᱟᱞᱯᱷᱚᱨᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱲᱟᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱫ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟᱭᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱭᱟᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱦᱤᱞ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱵᱩᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ 1955 ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱚᱨᱯ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱷᱤᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱤᱡᱤᱠᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱱᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱤ (1966)
1966 ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱞᱤ (Norman Leigh), ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ, ᱜᱮᱞᱵᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱱᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ Casino Municipal ᱛᱮ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱵᱩᱥᱮᱨᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴᱮᱡᱤᱞᱟᱵᱩᱥᱮᱨᱠᱟᱴᱟᱣ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ: ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱮᱞ ᱚᱞ ᱯᱮ, ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱯᱮ, ᱡᱤᱛ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱴᱟᱣ ᱯᱮ, ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱯᱮ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱧᱪ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱛᱷᱤ, Thirteen Against the Bank (1976), ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱠᱷᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱠᱷ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ: ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱵᱩᱥᱮᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱛᱟᱡᱽᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱛᱟᱡᱽᱯᱷᱨᱮᱧᱪ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ: ᱡᱤᱨᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ, 1.35% ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱴᱟᱠᱟᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ, ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱛ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ: ᱦᱮᱱᱰᱮᱞ, ᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 1.35% ᱦᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱮᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱥᱤ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱮᱥᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜ-ᱟ (ᱞᱟᱵᱩᱥᱮᱨ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱯᱮ)᱾ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮᱞᱵᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱛ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱵᱚᱸᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱭᱚ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱹᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾
ᱛᱷᱚᱨᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱱ (1961)
ᱮᱰᱣᱟᱨᱰ ᱛᱷᱚᱨᱯ (Edward Thorp), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱞᱮᱠᱡᱮᱠ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱞᱚᱰ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱱ (Claude Shannon), ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱛᱚᱛᱷ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱦᱚᱵᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱦᱤᱞ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱭᱩᱴᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ: ᱥᱤᱜᱟᱨᱮᱴ ᱵᱟᱠᱥᱚ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱡ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱞᱥᱟᱡ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱᱵᱚᱞᱨᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱴᱨᱮᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱤᱰᱤ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱵᱚᱞ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱣᱚᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱴᱮᱯᱷᱞᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ, 18–21 mm᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱴᱚᱨᱥᱟᱡ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱᱨᱚᱴᱚᱨᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱠᱩᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱴᱤᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱥ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱹᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱹᱴᱠᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱮ, ᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱛᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱡ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱬ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱛᱤᱝᱜᱩ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ; ᱛᱷᱚᱨᱯ 1966 ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ 1979 ᱟᱨ 1984 ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ (ᱮᱰᱣᱟᱱᱴᱮᱡ ᱯᱞᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱯᱮ)᱾
ᱭᱩᱰᱮᱢᱚᱱᱥ (1976–1981)
ᱥᱟᱱᱴᱟ ᱠᱨᱩᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱤᱡᱤᱠᱥ ᱪᱮᱞᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱰᱤᱡᱤᱴᱟᱞ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱭᱩᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ: ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱡᱟᱝᱜᱟ ᱟᱝᱜᱩᱲ ᱥᱩᱣᱤᱪ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱭᱩᱴᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨᱪᱟᱠᱟᱥᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ, ᱞᱮᱭᱟᱣᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱞᱟᱜ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾ 1977 ᱟᱨ 1978 ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱭᱩᱴᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱠᱞᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱚᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ; ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱯ, ᱡᱩᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ, ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 1981 ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱥ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱥ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱡᱞᱤ ᱦᱩᱞᱟᱹᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱠᱷ ᱫᱚ 44% ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱦᱤᱞ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱧ ᱥᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ 25% ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱥᱟᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱧ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ: ᱞᱩᱞᱩᱝ ᱛᱟᱨ, ᱵᱤᱡᱞᱤ ᱡᱷᱟᱴᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱥᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱰᱚᱞᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱯᱟᱥᱮ $15,000 ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱯᱚᱛᱷᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱭᱩᱰᱮᱢᱚᱱᱥ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱡᱮᱜᱟᱨ · ᱵᱟᱭᱟᱥ · ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱚᱞ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ᱾ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾
ᱣᱮᱞᱥ · ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱭᱚ · ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱧ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱡᱟᱣᱽᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱩᱦᱲᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾
ᱦᱤᱵᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱣᱟᱞᱯᱷᱚᱨᱰ · ᱵᱟᱭᱟᱥ · ᱨᱤᱱᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱥ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱞ᱾ Life ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ; ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱩᱝᱜᱤ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾
ᱛᱷᱚᱨᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱱ · ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱯ · ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱯᱟᱦᱤᱞ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱭᱩᱴᱟᱨ᱾ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱡ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢᱡᱚᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾
ᱡᱟᱨᱮᱥᱠᱤ · ᱵᱟᱭᱟᱥ · ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱚᱞ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱨᱮᱢᱳ ᱨᱮ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ $1.2 ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ; ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ, ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱩᱦᱲᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟ᱾
ᱭᱩᱰᱮᱢᱚᱱᱥ · ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱯ · ᱱᱮᱵᱷᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱭᱩᱴᱟᱨ᱾ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱚᱱᱤᱠᱥ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱚᱥᱟ᱾
ᱜᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟ-ᱯᱮᱞᱟᱭᱳ · ᱵᱟᱭᱟᱥ · ᱢᱟᱰᱨᱤᱰ ᱡᱷᱚᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 5,000 ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ᱾ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ; ᱟᱫᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱛᱤᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾
ᱨᱤᱴᱡᱽ ᱫᱚᱞ · ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ · ᱵᱟᱨ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ £1.3m᱾ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡ ᱞᱮᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ; ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ᱾
ᱨᱤᱪᱟᱨᱰ ᱡᱟᱨᱮᱥᱠᱤ (1931–2018)
ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱰᱟᱠᱴᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱮᱨᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱭᱢᱟ ᱜᱚᱲᱚᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶ 1960 ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱟᱨ 1970 ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱮᱛᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱨᱚᱪᱟᱠᱟᱡᱤᱨᱚᱢᱤᱫᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ, ᱰᱚᱡᱮᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ; ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱞ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ: ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱨᱚ, 0᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱚᱞ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱨᱮᱢᱳ ᱨᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱦᱮᱡᱚᱜ ᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾ ᱠᱮᱨᱚᱞ ᱡᱟᱨᱮᱥᱠᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 10,000 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ᱾ 2018 ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱹᱩᱡ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ $1.2 ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ; ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱞ ᱡᱟᱣᱽᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱠᱷ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱞᱚᱸᱰᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱥᱣᱚᱵᱤᱫᱽᱭᱟᱞᱚᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱭᱩᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ; 2018 ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱹᱩᱡ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱤᱛᱤᱦᱟᱹᱥ ᱵᱤᱫᱽ ᱨᱟᱥᱮᱞ ᱵᱟᱨᱱᱦᱟᱨᱴ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱥᱟᱱᱨᱮᱢᱳ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ 1969 ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱥᱟᱫᱟᱨ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱲᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱫᱩᱦᱲᱟᱹ ᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱰᱚᱡᱮᱱ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ 1973 ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ 1974 ᱨᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱤᱛᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱜᱚᱱᱥᱟᱞᱳ ᱜᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟ-ᱯᱮᱞᱟᱭᱳ (ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ 1947)
ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱯᱮᱱᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰ ᱯᱨᱚᱰᱭᱩᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱱᱮᱢᱟ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ 1991 ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ Casino Gran Madrid ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ 5,000 ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟᱥᱟᱡ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟᱨᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 37 ᱮᱞ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ: ᱥᱞᱚᱴ, ᱠᱟᱯ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱵᱟᱥ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ 28 ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ 6% ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ; ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱤᱛ 200 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ 250 ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱯᱮᱥᱮᱴᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱧᱡᱽ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ, ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱛᱤᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱤᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱝᱜᱚᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱱ 2004 ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱯᱨᱤᱢ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱨᱮ᱾ ᱟᱫᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱫᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱭᱩᱴᱟᱨ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱱᱩᱥᱟᱨ ᱛᱮᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱚᱱᱥᱟᱞᱳ ᱜᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟ-ᱯᱮᱞᱟᱭᱳ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱨᱤᱴᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ (2004)
ᱯᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ, ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱭᱩᱜᱚᱥᱞᱟᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱝᱜᱮᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ, ᱢᱟᱨᱪ 2004 ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱸᱰᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱴᱡᱽ ᱠᱞᱟᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ £1.3 ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱯᱟᱲᱚᱥᱤ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱮᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ᱾ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱞᱮᱡᱟᱨ ᱥᱠᱮᱱᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ; ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱡ ᱡᱟᱣᱽᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱮᱱᱟᱠᱚ, ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 2004 ᱨᱮ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱢᱚᱠᱚᱫᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱢᱟᱹᱡᱤ, ᱱᱤᱠᱳ ᱛᱳᱥᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱨᱚᱭᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱫ Bloomberg ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 2023 ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱛᱮᱨᱪᱷᱟ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱫ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱫᱟ, ᱥᱟᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ᱾ Gambling Act 2005 ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱥ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱚᱥ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, 2007 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱢᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱣᱽᱨᱟ ᱟᱫᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱠᱷ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ, ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱛ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾
ᱡᱤᱛ ᱠᱟᱫ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ
ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱵᱩᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ (ᱡᱮᱜᱟᱨ, ᱦᱤᱵᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱣᱟᱞᱯᱷᱚᱨᱰ, ᱡᱟᱨᱮᱥᱠᱤ, ᱜᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟ-ᱯᱮᱞᱟᱭᱳ) ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ (ᱛᱷᱚᱨᱯ, ᱭᱩᱰᱮᱢᱚᱱᱥ, ᱨᱤᱴᱡᱽ ᱫᱚᱞ)᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ, ᱣᱮᱞᱥ, ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱩᱦᱲᱟᱹ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱫ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱪᱟᱠᱟ, ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ᱾ ᱞᱮᱵ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ; ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱟᱯᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱫ ᱟᱯᱮ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾
ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ
ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱫᱷᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱴᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱧᱡᱽ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟᱭᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ; ᱚᱱᱟ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱯᱤ ᱵᱚᱸᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ᱾
ᱞᱟᱸᱫᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱠ
ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾
ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ
- Bass, T. A. The Eudaemonic Pie.
- Barnhart, R. T. Beating the Wheel.
- Thorp, E. O. “Optimal gambling systems for favorable games.”
- Thorp, E. O. “The invention of the first wearable computer.”
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Chellel, K. “The Gambler Who Beat Roulette.”
- Fletcher, A. From the Mill to Monte Carlo.
- Quinn, R. The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo.
- Leigh, N. Thirteen Against the Bank.
- Life. “How to Win $6,500: Two student theoreticians invent system for beating roulette wheel.”
- The New York Times. “Richard Jarecki, Doctor Who Conquered Roulette, Dies at 86.”
- Bethell, V. Monte Carlo Anecdotes and Systems of Play.
- Sampedro, J. “Los ‘tecnotahúres’ vuelven al casino.”