ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱠᱟᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ
ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱚᱜᱽ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱡᱽᱵᱽ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱭᱩᱡᱤᱠ-ᱦᱚᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱥ ᱣᱮᱞᱥ (Charles Wells) 1891 ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱞᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱧ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹᱵ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱛᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾ 1892 ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱫ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱛᱮ “ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ” ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱚᱜᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱡᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾
ᱩᱱᱤ ᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ
ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱥ ᱰᱮᱵᱷᱤᱞ ᱣᱮᱞᱥ (1841–1922) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱴᱷᱚᱜᱽ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ 1891 ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ £4,000 ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱞᱚ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱮ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱫ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ £40,000 ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱣᱩᱸᱰ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ᱾
ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ
ᱩᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾ ᱧᱮᱞᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱟᱥ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱜᱮ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱥᱟ ᱡᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟ; ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱡᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱴᱤᱝᱜᱮᱞᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴᱮᱡᱤᱢᱟᱨᱴᱤᱝᱜᱮᱞᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱰᱚᱵᱚᱞ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥᱚᱱ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴᱮᱡᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱯᱮ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱜᱮ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱨᱩᱨ: ᱞᱮᱭᱟᱣᱴᱥᱟᱡ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱᱞᱮᱭᱟᱣᱴᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱞᱤ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ: ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ, ᱯᱷᱮᱞᱴ, ᱠᱟᱯᱲᱟ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱜᱚᱱᱤᱛᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝᱡᱮᱞᱮᱧ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱣᱥᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱡᱟᱞᱴ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱭᱩᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ −1/37᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱧ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹᱵ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱧ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹᱵ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱵᱱᱟᱜᱚᱱᱤᱛᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱵᱱᱟᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱡᱟᱞᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱵᱱᱟ, 0 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ 1 ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ 0% ᱠᱷᱚᱱ 100%᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱞ: 1/37 = 2.70%᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱡᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱᱟᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱣᱮᱞᱥ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱣᱮᱞᱥ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ᱾
ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ
ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱰ ᱜᱤᱞᱵᱟᱨᱴ (Fred Gilbert) ᱟᱜ “ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱞᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱠᱟᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ” (1892), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱥ ᱠᱳᱵᱚᱨᱱ (Charles Coborn) ᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱞᱚᱸᱰᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱭᱩᱡᱤᱠ ᱦᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱤᱴ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱞᱵᱷᱟᱨᱰ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱫ ᱦᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱜᱚᱨᱵᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ “ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ” ᱨᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱛ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱡᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱡᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ
ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱚᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱣᱮᱞᱥ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ 1891–92 ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱡᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱚᱭᱟᱞ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱢᱤ ᱭᱟᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱠᱟᱫᱟ; ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱞᱚ ᱛᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ 1892 ᱪᱟᱵᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱧᱪ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱞᱮ ᱟᱵᱷᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ 1893 ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱸᱰᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱴᱷᱚᱜᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱚᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ 1899 ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ, 1906 ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱚᱜᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱚᱛᱚ 1911 ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱚᱜᱽ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ 1% ᱮᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ 1922 ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱸᱰᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱮ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ 1891 ᱨᱮ £40,000 ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱪᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱥᱤ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱵᱷ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾
ᱦᱟᱨᱴᱯᱷᱚᱨᱰᱥᱟᱭᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ᱾
ᱯᱮᱴᱮᱱᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱚᱜᱽ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ᱾
ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱞᱚ: ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ; ≈ £40,000 ᱡᱤᱛ᱾
ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ; ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱤᱛ᱾
ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ᱾ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ, 1892᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱭᱟᱴ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱱᱟᱠᱳ ᱛᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾
ᱞᱚᱸᱰᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱷᱚᱜᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱥᱤ; ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ᱾
ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱚᱜᱽ, ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ᱾
ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱴᱷᱚᱜᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱞ᱾
ᱞᱚᱸᱰᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ᱾
ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱨᱩᱨ
ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ “ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ” ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱟᱥ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ; ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹᱵ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱠᱟ ᱣᱮᱨᱤᱭᱮᱱᱥᱜᱚᱱᱤᱛᱣᱮᱨᱤᱭᱮᱱᱥᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱜᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱡᱟᱞᱴ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ᱾ ᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴ ᱚᱯ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ, ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ᱾ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱦᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱣᱮᱞᱥ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱡᱤᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱦᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ
ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱵᱩᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱚᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱯᱟᱣᱩᱸᱰ᱾
ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱜᱚᱫ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱛᱷᱤᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾
ᱞᱟᱸᱫᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱠ
ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱪᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾
ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ
- Quinn, R. The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo.
- Old Bailey Proceedings Online. Trial of Charles Wells, March 1893 (t18930306-349).
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.