ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱸᱥᱣᱟ ᱵᱞᱟᱸ
ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱰᱚᱵᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱨᱚᱨᱩᱯᱰᱚᱵᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱨᱚᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 00 ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤ 2.70% ᱠᱷᱚᱱ 5.26% ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱚᱡᱷᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾
ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱸᱥᱣᱟ ᱵᱞᱟᱸ (1806–1877) 1843 ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱰ ᱦᱚᱢᱵᱩᱨᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱨᱚ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱮᱛᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱯᱟ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱢᱟ, ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱞᱚ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ “ᱥᱟᱜᱩᱱ” ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱴᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾
ᱦᱚᱢᱵᱩᱨᱜ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ
ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱸᱥᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱢᱡᱟ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱞᱩᱣᱤ 1830 ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱫᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱴᱟ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱮᱛᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱸᱰ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱷᱩᱥ ᱮᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱡᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱟᱨᱵᱤᱴᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱵᱮᱫ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱩᱫᱟᱦᱟᱨᱚᱬ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱥᱟᱡᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱞᱚ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱯᱟᱦᱤᱞ ᱞᱚᱠᱡᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨᱜ ᱨᱮ, ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ 1841 ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱰ ᱦᱚᱢᱵᱩᱨᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱥᱯᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱦᱚᱠ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾
ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱨᱚ
ᱦᱚᱢᱵᱩᱨᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱮᱱ-ᱵᱟᱰᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱣᱤᱥᱵᱟᱰᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱥᱯᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱡᱤᱨᱚᱪᱟᱠᱟᱡᱤᱨᱚᱢᱤᱫᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ, ᱰᱚᱡᱮᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ; ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱞ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ: ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱨᱚ, 0᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱵᱞᱟᱸ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱨᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱡᱨᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤᱜᱚᱱᱤᱛᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱟᱣᱥᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ: ᱭᱩᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ 2.70%᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → 5.26% ᱠᱷᱚᱱ 2.70% ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱡᱨᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱮᱱᱟ: ᱭᱩᱨᱚᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱰᱥ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱦᱚᱢᱵᱩᱨᱜ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱯᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱭᱟ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱴᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾
ᱢᱚᱱᱟᱠᱳ
1866 ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱩᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱦᱮᱥᱮ-ᱦᱚᱢᱵᱩᱨᱜ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱡᱩᱣᱟ ᱵᱚᱸᱫ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱛᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ (ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱠᱚ 1872 ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ), ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱵᱞᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫᱟᱭ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ 1863 ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱝᱜᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱚᱱᱟᱠᱳ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱦᱚᱠ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱨᱮᱞ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱳᱴᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱠᱩᱴᱤᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱤᱥᱚᱨᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱨᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱭᱩᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱞᱟᱸ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱧᱡᱽ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ ᱯᱤᱲᱦᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱚᱱᱟᱠᱳ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱢᱫᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ; ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱤ ᱨᱟᱫᱡᱤᱣᱤᱞ (Radziwiłł) ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱧᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱵᱚᱱᱟᱯᱟᱨᱴ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱧᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾
ᱠᱩᱨᱛᱮᱡᱚᱸ, ᱵᱷᱳᱠᱞᱩᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱡᱟ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱞᱩᱣᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ᱾
ᱵᱚᱨᱫᱳ: ᱥᱟᱴᱟ, ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷ ᱜᱷᱩᱥ, ᱥᱟᱡᱟ᱾
ᱵᱟᱰ ᱦᱚᱢᱵᱩᱨᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱦᱚᱠ᱾
ᱦᱚᱢᱵᱩᱨᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱨᱚ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱮᱛᱦᱚᱵ᱾
ᱢᱚᱱᱟᱠᱳ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱦᱚᱠ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ; Société des Bains de Mer ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾
ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱞᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱞ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾
ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱫ; ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱞᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ᱾
ᱥᱩᱣᱤᱡᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱩᱡ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ, ᱭᱩᱨᱚᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱫᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱟᱹᱭ᱾
ᱩᱱᱤ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ
ᱡᱮ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ 2.70% ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱞᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱢᱫᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ 5.26% ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱢᱵᱩᱨᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ, ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱦᱟᱹᱱᱤᱜᱚᱱᱤᱛᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱦᱟᱹᱱᱤᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱜᱩᱬ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ; ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱣᱥᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵ (ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤ × ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱴᱟᱠᱟᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ, ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱛ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ: ᱦᱮᱱᱰᱮᱞ, ᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ →) ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾
ᱫᱟᱭ
ᱫᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱨᱚ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱵᱞᱟᱸ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱨᱤᱥᱚᱨᱴ ᱦᱚᱸ: ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱳᱴᱮᱞ, ᱚᱯᱮᱨᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱞ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱤᱪᱟᱹᱨ᱾ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱨᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱵᱞᱟᱸ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱥᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ; 2016 ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱨᱤᱯᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱨᱚ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱞᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾
ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ
ᱩᱱᱤ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱮᱛᱦᱚᱵ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱨᱚ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱪᱮᱥᱴᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ; ᱦᱚᱢᱵᱩᱨᱜ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱱᱤᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾
ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹ᱾ ᱞᱟᱵᱷ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾
ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱫ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ, ᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱥᱯᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱨᱚᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱫᱷᱟᱱᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ᱾
ᱞᱟᱸᱫᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱠ
ᱥᱟᱜᱩᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱠᱟᱴᱟᱣ᱾ ᱵᱟᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾
ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.