ᱫᱚᱥᱛᱚᱭᱮᱵᱷᱥᱠᱤ ᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴᱮᱱᱵᱩᱨᱜ
“ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱲᱤ” (1866): ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱫ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱤᱥᱤ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾
ᱣᱤᱥᱵᱟᱰᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱢᱵᱩᱨᱜ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱫ ᱫᱮᱱᱟ ᱥᱩᱫᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱥᱛᱚᱭᱮᱵᱷᱥᱠᱤ (Dostoevsky) “ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱲᱤ” ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱟᱞᱮᱠᱥᱮᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱯᱟ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ, ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱠᱚ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱵᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱭᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱜᱚᱱᱤᱛ ᱵᱤᱫᱽ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾
ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ
1866 ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱥᱛᱚᱭᱮᱵᱷᱥᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮ 1 ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱭᱟᱥ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱠ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ 1863 ᱟᱨ 1865 ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱯᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱦᱱᱟ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱷᱚᱠ ᱮ ᱫᱟᱫᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱴᱮᱱᱚᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱟᱨ, ᱟᱱᱱᱟ ᱥᱱᱤᱛᱠᱤᱱᱟ (Anna Snitkina), ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ 4 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ 29 ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ “ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱲᱤ” ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱜᱮ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱵᱟ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱱᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ 1871 ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱡᱩᱣᱟ ᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱫ ᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾
ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴᱮᱱᱵᱩᱨᱜ
ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱣᱤᱥᱵᱟᱰᱮᱱ, ᱦᱚᱢᱵᱩᱨᱜ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱰᱮᱱ-ᱵᱟᱰᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱠᱩᱨᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥ, ᱥᱮᱱ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱥᱚᱲᱚᱠ, ᱫᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱜᱚ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱹᱝᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱩᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱧᱡᱽ᱾ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱜᱮ᱾ ᱟᱞᱮᱠᱥᱮᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱨᱩᱯᱤᱭᱮᱦᱚᱲᱠᱨᱩᱯᱤᱭᱮᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱞᱟᱨ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱲ, ᱞᱮᱭᱟᱣᱴᱥᱟᱡ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱᱞᱮᱭᱟᱣᱴᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱞᱤ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ: ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ, ᱯᱷᱮᱞᱴ, ᱠᱟᱯᱲᱟ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ →, ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ, ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱞ, ᱠᱷᱟᱛᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟ ᱠᱟᱫ “ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ” ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱫ ᱡᱮᱞᱠᱟ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱞ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
ᱜᱚᱜᱚ
ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱭᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱹᱭᱥ: ᱟᱱᱴᱚᱱᱤᱰᱟ ᱣᱟᱥᱤᱞᱤᱭᱮᱵᱷᱱᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱚᱱᱤ ᱜᱚᱜᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱜᱩᱡᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱧᱡᱽ ᱛᱟᱹᱝᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱚᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴᱮᱱᱵᱩᱨᱜ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱚᱜ-ᱟ, ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱩᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱛᱤᱥ ᱚᱨ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ, 35 ᱨᱮ 1 ᱮᱢᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱨᱚᱪᱟᱠᱟᱡᱤᱨᱚᱢᱤᱫᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ, ᱰᱚᱡᱮᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ; ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱞ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ: ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱨᱚ, 0᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱡᱤᱨᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱡᱤᱨᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱧᱡᱽ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱛᱩᱨ ᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴ ᱚᱯᱵᱟᱡᱤᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴ ᱚᱯᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱞ, ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱛᱟᱱ 35:1᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱛᱮ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱮ 1/37 ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
ᱟᱞᱮᱠᱥᱮᱭ ᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱛ
ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱵᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱟᱞᱮᱠᱥᱮᱭ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱸ ᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣᱟ, ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱟᱜᱵᱟᱡᱤᱟᱨᱟᱜ18 ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ᱾ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱧᱪ ᱨᱮ: ᱨᱩᱡᱽ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱟᱨ ᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴ ᱚᱯ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ: ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟᱭ᱾ ᱡᱤᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱤᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱞᱤᱱᱤᱠ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱞᱤᱱᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
ᱥᱯᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱦᱤᱞ ᱥᱮᱱ; ᱣᱤᱥᱵᱟᱰᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱛ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ᱾
ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱣᱤᱥᱵᱟᱰᱮᱱ; ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ; ᱠᱷᱚᱡᱚᱜ ᱪᱤᱴᱷᱤ ᱚᱞ; “ᱠᱩᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱹ” ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱮᱠᱴ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 26 ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ “ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱲᱤ” ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱚᱞ᱾
ᱟᱱᱱᱟ ᱥᱱᱤᱛᱠᱤᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ; ᱵᱤᱫᱮᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ; ᱦᱚᱢᱵᱩᱨᱜ, ᱵᱟᱰᱮᱱ-ᱵᱟᱰᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱥᱚᱸ-ᱞᱮ-ᱵᱮᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱩᱣᱟ, ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ᱾
ᱣᱤᱥᱵᱟᱰᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱩᱣᱟ᱾ ᱟᱱᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱚᱞᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱪᱟᱵᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱪᱟᱵᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾
ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱸᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ “ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱲᱤ” ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱫ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ
ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱱᱤᱛ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱫ, ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱣᱮᱨᱤᱭᱮᱱᱥᱜᱚᱱᱤᱛᱣᱮᱨᱤᱭᱮᱱᱥᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱜᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱡᱟᱞᱴ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ᱾ ᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴ ᱚᱯ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ, ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱫᱚᱥᱛᱚᱭᱮᱵᱷᱥᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣᱟ, ᱛᱟᱨᱛᱤᱵ ᱛᱮ, ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱪᱷᱚᱭᱟ᱾ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ; ᱩᱯᱚᱱᱭᱟᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭᱟ᱾
ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ
ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱸᱵᱷᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱡᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱸᱵᱷᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟᱭ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱵᱷᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾
ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ᱾ ᱣᱤᱥᱵᱟᱰᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ: ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱧ ᱥᱟᱧᱡᱷᱟ᱾ ᱟᱯᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱯᱮ, ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ᱾
ᱞᱟᱸᱫᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱠ
ᱩᱱᱤ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱛᱮ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱮ ᱯᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱣ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ
- Dostoevsky, F. The Gambler.
- Frank, J. Dostoevsky: The Miraculous Years, 1865–1871.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.