ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱫᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱮ-ᱠᱟᱨᱞᱚ
ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱨᱚ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱫ ᱫᱟᱞᱟᱱ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱟᱞᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ᱾
1863 ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ 1878 ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱥ ᱜᱟᱨᱱᱤᱭᱮ (Charles Garnier) ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ, ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱫᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱮ-ᱠᱟᱨᱞᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱨᱤᱥᱚᱨᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱧᱪ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱨᱚ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
ᱫᱟᱞᱟᱱ
ᱯᱟᱦᱤᱞ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱬ ᱵᱷᱤᱞᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ 1878 ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱥ ᱚᱯᱮᱨᱟ ᱪᱟᱵᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱥ ᱜᱟᱨᱱᱤᱭᱮ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱜᱟᱨᱱᱤᱭᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱯᱷᱳᱴᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱴᱟᱣᱟᱨ, ᱥᱟᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱷᱟᱫ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱥᱟᱞᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱨᱦᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱥᱤᱥᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱡᱷᱟᱲ ᱵᱟᱛᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱭᱩᱨᱚᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱠᱚ
ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱨᱚᱪᱟᱠᱟᱡᱤᱨᱚᱢᱤᱫᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ, ᱰᱚᱡᱮᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ; ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱞ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ: ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱨᱚ, 0᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱪᱟᱠᱟ, ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱧᱪ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱭᱟᱣᱴᱥᱟᱡ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱᱞᱮᱭᱟᱣᱴᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱞᱤ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ: ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ, ᱯᱷᱮᱞᱴ, ᱠᱟᱯᱲᱟ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ →, ᱠᱚᱞ ᱵᱟᱡᱤᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞᱠᱚᱞ ᱵᱟᱡᱤᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱰᱤᱞᱟᱨ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ, ᱟᱡᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱣᱟᱡᱟᱸ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱤᱭᱮᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱥᱮᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ “ᱨᱚᱲ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ”᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱦᱚᱸ ᱟᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱨᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱤᱵᱟᱡᱤᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱤᱟᱨᱟᱜ/ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ, ᱵᱤᱡᱳᱲ/ᱡᱳᱲ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ/ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ᱾ 18 ᱮᱞ, ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱛᱟᱱ 1:1᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱛᱟᱡᱽᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢᱞᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱛᱟᱡᱽᱯᱷᱨᱮᱧᱪ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ: ᱡᱤᱨᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ, 1.35% ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱥᱮ ᱚᱸ ᱯᱨᱤᱡᱚᱸᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢᱚᱸ ᱯᱨᱤᱡᱚᱸᱯᱷᱨᱮᱧᱪ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ: ᱡᱤᱨᱚ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱭᱩᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱥᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱯᱲᱟ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱰᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱵᱮᱥᱤ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱞᱚᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱞᱚᱸ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱥᱟᱡ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ; ᱦᱚᱨᱟ, ᱰᱤᱞᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ “ᱨᱤᱭᱮᱸ ᱱᱮ ᱣᱟ ᱯᱞᱩFR · ᱦᱚᱨᱟᱨᱤᱭᱮᱸ ᱱᱮ ᱣᱟ ᱯᱞᱩ“ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ᱾” ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱧᱪ ᱨᱚᱲ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ →” ᱨᱚᱲ ᱥᱮᱛᱮ, ᱫᱚ 19 ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱮ᱾
ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱡ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱫ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵ
ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱨᱮ 2.70% ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ 1.35% ᱛᱮ, ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱜᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ: 1868 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱞ ᱜᱟᱹᱰᱤ, ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱳᱴᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱡᱩᱱ᱾ 1869 ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱜᱮ ᱨᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱢᱫᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱴᱮᱠᱥ ᱢᱮᱴᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱞᱟᱸ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤ × ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱴᱟᱠᱟᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ, ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱛ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ: ᱦᱮᱱᱰᱮᱞ, ᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱜᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱧᱮᱞ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ
ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱥᱟᱞᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱨᱰ ᱥᱟᱶ 18 ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱥᱤ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱞᱚ ᱮᱢᱟ; ᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱩᱣᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱠᱩᱴᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱞᱚ ᱯᱷᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱞᱚᱴ ᱢᱮᱥᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱥᱟᱧᱡᱷᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱭᱩᱨᱚᱯ ᱜᱮ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ: ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱤᱞᱟᱨ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱧ ᱨᱮᱠ, ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱧᱪ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱫ ᱪᱤᱯᱴᱟᱠᱟᱪᱤᱯᱛᱷᱤᱠ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱴᱚᱠᱮᱱ, ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱭᱟᱣᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ: ᱪᱮᱠ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ →, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱰᱥ 1863 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ
ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱨᱰ ᱥᱟᱶ, ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱠᱟᱹᱯᱲᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱫ 18 ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱥᱤ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ᱾ ᱢᱚᱱᱟᱠᱳ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱩᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱧᱪ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱨᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱜᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱬ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱭᱩᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ᱾ ᱟᱹᱛᱩᱨ ᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱫᱟ᱾
ᱞᱟᱸᱫᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱠ
ᱠᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤ, ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱟᱨᱠᱤᱴᱮᱠᱴ᱾
ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.
- Barnhart, R. T. Beating the Wheel.