ᱡᱚᱥᱮᱯᱷ ᱡᱮᱜᱟᱨ: ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱞᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴᱮᱡᱤ
ᱭᱚᱨᱠᱥᱟᱭᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱩᱜᱲᱤ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱦᱤᱞ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾
ᱡᱚᱥᱮᱯᱷ ᱦᱚᱵᱥᱚᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱟᱨ (Joseph Hobson Jagger, 1830–1892), ᱵᱽᱨᱮᱰᱯᱷᱚᱨᱰ ᱡᱷᱚᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱩᱜᱲᱤ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ, ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ 1880 ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱞᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ £80,000 ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱚᱞ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱦᱮᱡᱚᱜ ᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ᱾ ᱡᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱚᱞ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ 1901 ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱚᱛᱷᱤ, ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱧᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ 1884 ᱛᱟᱨᱤᱠ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱜᱩᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱤᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱮᱫᱟ
ᱡᱚᱥᱮᱯᱷ ᱦᱚᱵᱥᱚᱱ ᱡᱮᱜᱟᱨ 2 ᱥᱮᱯᱴᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 1830 ᱨᱮ ᱵᱽᱨᱮᱰᱯᱷᱚᱨᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱞᱤᱯᱷᱮᱠᱥ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱯᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱢᱮᱴᱤᱞᱰᱟ ᱴᱟᱣᱱᱮᱱᱰ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱞᱩᱜᱲᱤ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ: ᱜᱩᱫᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱥᱩᱛᱟᱢ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱨᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧᱫᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱪᱮᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱩᱜᱲᱤ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ᱾ 1861 ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱯᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱩᱜᱲᱤ ᱮᱡᱮᱱᱴ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ 1881 ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱣᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱᱤᱭᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱵᱫᱚ, ᱟᱨ “ᱢᱤᱥᱛᱨᱤ” ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱞᱚ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱫ ᱯᱚᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ 1860 ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱪᱮᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱟᱝᱜᱚᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ London Gazette ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱟᱥᱴᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱲ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱮᱣᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱮᱱ ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱪᱟᱨ (Anne Fletcher), ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱧᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱤᱛᱤᱦᱟᱹᱥ ᱵᱤᱫᱽ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱜᱮᱞᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱧᱡᱽ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱥ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ 1880 ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ 1881 ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱮᱣᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱮᱣᱟᱞᱤᱭᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ᱾
ᱯᱟᱦᱤᱞ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ
ᱥᱟᱵᱮᱫ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱵᱮᱛᱷᱮᱞ (Victor Bethell) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ Monte Carlo Anecdotes and Systems of Play (1901) ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱮᱛᱷᱮᱞ ᱩᱱᱤ “ᱡᱮᱜᱟᱨᱥ” ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱭᱚᱨᱠᱥᱟᱭᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱥᱛᱨᱤ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱦᱤᱞ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱮᱢᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱟᱨᱥ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱠᱞᱟᱨᱠ ᱠᱩᱞᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱮᱞ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢᱡᱚᱨ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ £120,000 ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱮᱛᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱟᱨᱥ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱴᱟᱣ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱩᱯᱩᱞ, ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱡᱤᱛ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ £40,000 ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ £80,000 ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱣᱩᱸᱰ ᱨᱮ 25 ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱵᱮᱛᱷᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱛᱟᱨᱤᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ “ᱵᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ” ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾
ᱵᱮᱛᱷᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱥᱟᱠᱷᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱪᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱦᱮᱨ, ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱪᱤᱴᱷᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱟᱥᱴᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱦᱟᱨᱟ ᱮᱱᱟ
ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾
ᱩᱱᱤ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫᱟᱭ
ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱪᱟᱨ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱥᱟᱵᱩᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱦᱤᱞ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ 1880 ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ 1881 ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ 1881 ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ 1881 ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱞᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ 6 Greaves Street, ᱵᱽᱨᱮᱰᱯᱷᱚᱨᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱴᱳᱵᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱣᱤᱞ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾ ᱯᱩᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱴᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱥᱟᱜᱩᱱ ᱵᱟᱠᱥᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱧᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ “ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ” ᱠᱷᱚᱱ, ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱞᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱛ “ᱯᱩᱱ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ” ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱨᱤᱠ 1 ᱢᱮ 1884 ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱪᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ 1880 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ 1884 ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱞ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ
ᱵᱮᱛᱷᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱠᱞᱟᱨᱠ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱥᱟᱵᱩᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱪᱟᱨ ᱚᱞ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱠᱩᱴᱤᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱬᱮ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱧᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱱᱟᱥᱴᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱴᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱤ ᱮᱞᱯᱷᱨᱮᱰ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱪᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ ᱜᱤᱫᱽᱨᱤ, ᱳᱴᱥ ᱡᱮᱜᱟᱨ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱞ ᱤᱧᱡᱤᱱ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ, ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱮ; ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱧᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱡᱟᱣᱽᱨᱟ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱳᱨᱢᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱦᱚᱲ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱢᱟᱛᱚ ᱵᱚᱭᱦᱟ, ᱨᱤᱱ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱥ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾
ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ
ᱱᱚᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱮᱛᱷᱮᱞ ᱜᱮ ᱯᱟᱦᱤᱞ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱯᱟᱦᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱧᱤᱫᱟᱹ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱟᱝᱜᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱫ ᱯᱮᱨᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱩᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ-ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱴ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ, ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱡᱤᱨᱚᱪᱟᱠᱟᱡᱤᱨᱚᱢᱤᱫᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ, ᱰᱚᱡᱮᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ; ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱞ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ: ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱨᱚ, 0᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟᱥᱟᱡ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟᱨᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 37 ᱮᱞ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ: ᱥᱞᱚᱴ, ᱠᱟᱯ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟ᱾ 1930 ᱫᱚᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱞᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ International Sporting Club ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱹᱡᱤ ᱯᱚᱞᱚᱵᱷᱴᱥᱚᱯᱷ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭ: ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ, ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾
ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱥᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱥᱯᱤᱨᱤᱴ ᱞᱮᱵᱷᱮᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱠᱷ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱥᱟᱵᱩᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱮᱰᱳᱞᱯᱷ ᱥᱢᱤᱛᱷ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ 1912 ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱞᱚᱵᱷᱴᱥᱚᱯᱷ 1937 ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱛᱦᱚᱵ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ᱾
ᱵᱟᱭᱟᱥ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱤᱡ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ
ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱥᱮᱯᱷ ᱡᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴᱮᱡᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱞᱚᱝ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱞᱟᱵᱷ ᱮᱢᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴ ᱚᱯᱵᱟᱡᱤᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴ ᱚᱯᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱞ, ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱛᱟᱱ 35:1᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → 35 ᱨᱮ 1 ᱮᱢᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ 36 ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱡᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱞᱟᱵᱷ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱨᱚ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ 37 ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱛᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱯᱮ ᱠᱞᱟᱨᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ 500 ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ: 15,000 ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱮᱞ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ 405 ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱦᱮᱡᱚᱜ-ᱟ, 20 ᱠᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱥᱤ᱾ 465 ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱦᱮᱡᱚᱜ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱮ “ᱠᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱥᱤ” ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱵᱷᱟᱹᱜᱭᱚ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱣᱽᱨᱟ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱮᱞ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ 32 ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱛᱚᱜ-ᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ 11.6% ᱞᱟᱵᱷ ᱮᱢᱟ: ᱡᱚᱛᱚ 32.3 ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 36 ᱪᱤᱯᱴᱟᱠᱟᱪᱤᱯᱛᱷᱤᱠ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱴᱚᱠᱮᱱ, ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱭᱟᱣᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ: ᱪᱮᱠ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱜᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ᱾ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ 500 ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱟᱸᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱤᱡ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾
ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ
ᱡᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱝᱞᱟ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ 1881 ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱞᱤᱴᱚᱞ ᱦᱚᱨᱴᱚᱱ, ᱵᱽᱨᱮᱰᱯᱷᱚᱨᱰ ᱨᱮ 6 Greaves Street ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ ᱜᱮᱞ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱪᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱡᱷᱚᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱯᱮᱭᱟᱹᱥ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱵᱷᱟᱲᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱤᱥᱣᱟᱥ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱯᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱡᱟᱣᱽᱨᱟ ᱡᱤᱛ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ 25 ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ 1892 ᱨᱮ 25 Greaves Street ᱨᱮ 61 ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱩᱢᱮᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱟᱹᱩᱡ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ; ᱜᱟᱹᱩᱡ ᱥᱟᱠᱷᱤ ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱤ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱥᱮᱞᱯᱷ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱛᱷᱮᱞ ᱪᱮᱯᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱯᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱡᱷᱚᱛᱮ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱫᱽ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ £1,710 ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾
ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ
“The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo” ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱦᱤᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ 1892 ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱹᱩᱡ ᱮᱱᱟᱭ, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱧᱡᱽ ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱧ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱵᱤᱥᱣᱟᱥ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱰ ᱜᱤᱞᱵᱟᱨᱴ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱥ ᱣᱮᱞᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 1891 ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱛ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ (ᱵᱮᱸᱠ ᱨᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ ᱠᱟᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱯᱮ)᱾ ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱥ ᱠᱤᱝᱥᱴᱚᱱ 1925 ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ: ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱚᱨᱠᱥᱟᱭᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱮᱱᱟ᱾
ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ
ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱟᱭ: ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱧᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 1884 ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱟᱵᱤ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱛᱷᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ, ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱠᱞᱟᱨᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱪᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱧᱡᱽ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟᱭᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱡ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱧᱡᱽ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱫᱽ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ £1,710 ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱯᱷᱞᱮᱪᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱧᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱜᱩᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ᱾
ᱞᱟᱸᱫᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱠ
ᱡᱤᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱷᱟᱨ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱵᱤᱛᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾
ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ
- Fletcher, A. From the Mill to Monte Carlo.
- Fletcher, A. “The true story of the man who broke the Monte Carlo bank: Joseph Hobson Jagger.”
- Bethell, V. Monte Carlo Anecdotes and Systems of Play.
- Kingston, C. The Romance of Monte Carlo.
- Polovtsoff, P. Monte Carlo Casino.
- Smith, A. Monaco and Monte Carlo.
- Quinn, R. The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo.