ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱞ
ᱯᱟᱦᱤᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱭᱟᱣᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱤᱞᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱛᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱭᱥᱮᱱᱥ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱱᱴᱟᱹ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ: ᱪᱟᱠᱟ, ᱵᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱹᱵᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ; ᱵᱟᱡᱤ, ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ; ᱰᱤᱞᱟᱨ, ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱮᱢ; ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱯᱷᱴᱣᱮᱭᱟᱨ, ᱮᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ᱾ ᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ 19 ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ 20 ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱡᱩᱣᱟ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱞᱟᱭᱥᱮᱱᱥ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱠᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱩᱢᱵᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱟ᱾ ᱰᱤᱜᱤ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ, ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱰᱤᱞᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱟᱫᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱟ᱾ ᱢᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱭᱟᱥ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱡᱚᱜ ᱵᱚᱞ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ; ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱱᱛᱨᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱵᱷᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱩᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ
ᱮᱰᱣᱟᱱᱴᱮᱡ ᱯᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱᱟᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱭᱟᱥ ᱪᱟᱠᱟᱞᱮᱵᱵᱟᱭᱟᱥ ᱪᱟᱠᱟᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱛ ᱫᱚᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱵᱱᱟ 1/37 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ᱾ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ-ᱟ, ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱥᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱡᱚᱜ ᱵᱚᱞᱥᱟᱡ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱᱵᱚᱞᱨᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱴᱨᱮᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱤᱰᱤ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱵᱚᱞ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱣᱚᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱴᱮᱯᱷᱞᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ, 18–21 mm᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ →, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱵᱚᱸᱫ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱟ᱾ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱟ: ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱮ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱟ, ᱥᱮ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱮ ᱩᱠᱩᱭᱟ᱾ ᱯᱟᱦᱤᱞᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱭ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱢᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱷᱚᱜᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱮᱵᱷᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱩᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ 2004 ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱴᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱠᱚᱫᱚᱢᱟ ᱵᱚᱸᱫ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ; ᱯᱟᱥᱴ-ᱯᱚᱥᱴᱤᱝ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱢᱚᱠᱚᱫᱚᱢᱟ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ
ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ: ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱟᱡ ᱜᱮ, ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ, ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱯᱷᱩᱨᱥᱟᱹᱣᱤᱡ ᱰᱤᱞᱟᱨ, ᱟᱨ, ᱢᱮᱥᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱯᱷᱴᱣᱮᱭᱟᱨ᱾ ᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱞᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ 19 ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱤᱞᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱛᱮ᱾
ᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ, 1890 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ 1930 ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ
ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱦᱤᱞ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱤᱯ ᱠᱩᱣᱤᱱ (John Philip Quinn), ᱡᱩᱣᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱩᱣᱟᱲᱤ, 1890 ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱛᱨᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱤᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱝᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱰᱤᱞᱟᱨ ᱵᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨᱟᱜᱵᱟᱡᱤᱟᱨᱟᱜ18 ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ᱾ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱧᱪ ᱨᱮ: ᱨᱩᱡᱽ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮᱵᱟᱡᱤᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ18 ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ᱾ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱧᱪ ᱨᱮ: ᱱᱣᱟᱨ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱛᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟᱭ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱫᱷᱟ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱴᱥᱟᱡ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱᱯᱷᱨᱮᱴᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱦᱟ ᱟᱲ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ →, ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟᱥᱟᱡ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟᱨᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 37 ᱮᱞ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ: ᱥᱞᱚᱴ, ᱠᱟᱯ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱦᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ, ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱨᱚᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱛᱮ, ᱵᱚᱞ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱥᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱞᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱯᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱲᱮ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱟᱸᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱷᱟ ᱥᱩᱤ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱩᱜᱩᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱠᱩᱣᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱭᱳᱨᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱜᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱴᱟᱞᱚᱜ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ “ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱤᱞᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱞᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ, ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱮᱞ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾” 1912 ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱵᱤᱡᱞᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱫᱩᱞᱟᱹᱲ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱴᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱴᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱡᱟᱝᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱥ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱦ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ: ᱵᱤᱡᱞᱤ ᱪᱟᱞᱩ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱤ ᱫᱩᱞᱩᱵᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱥᱢᱤᱛᱷᱥᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱱᱮᱥᱚᱱᱟᱞ ᱢᱤᱭᱩᱡᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱜᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ 1930 ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱩᱢᱵᱚᱠ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ: ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱚᱞ ᱯᱟᱥᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱰᱤᱞᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱩᱛᱟᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱚᱢᱮᱜᱽᱱᱮᱴ ᱪᱟᱞᱩ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾
ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱭᱥᱮᱱᱥ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱰᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ
ᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚᱠ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱭᱥᱮᱱᱥ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱡᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱬ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ: ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱠᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱩᱢᱵᱚᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱡᱟᱱᱛᱨᱚ, ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ, ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱞᱚᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ; ᱵᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱩᱢᱵᱚᱠ ᱥᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱥ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱚᱜ-ᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱚᱦᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ; ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱚᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱵᱚᱸᱫ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱠᱩᱞᱩᱯ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱵ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱱᱥᱚᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱛ ᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱯᱷᱴᱣᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱞᱟᱭ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱮᱞ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱤᱥᱴᱤᱠᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱤᱢ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱬ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱨᱚᱪᱟᱠᱟᱡᱤᱨᱚᱢᱤᱫᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ, ᱰᱚᱡᱮᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ; ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱞ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ: ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱨᱚ, 0᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 2.70% ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱭᱥᱮᱱᱥ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱮᱢᱟ᱾
ᱯᱟᱥᱴ-ᱯᱚᱥᱴᱤᱝ
ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱴᱷᱚᱜᱽ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱴ-ᱯᱚᱥᱴᱤᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱵᱚᱞ ᱫᱩᱲᱩᱯ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱛ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱥᱮ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱯᱴᱟᱠᱟᱪᱤᱯᱛᱷᱤᱠ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱴᱚᱠᱮᱱ, ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱭᱟᱣᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ: ᱪᱮᱠ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱩᱠᱩ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱛᱟᱱᱴᱟᱠᱟᱵᱷᱩᱜᱛᱟᱱᱡᱤᱛ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱟ, ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ “X ᱨᱮ 1” ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱫᱟᱵᱤ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ᱾ ᱰᱤᱞᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱮᱠᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱪᱤᱯ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ, ᱰᱤᱞᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱟᱵᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱮ ᱤᱫᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱮᱞᱤᱡ ᱯᱤᱴ ᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱟ᱾ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱛᱟᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱤᱞᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱯ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱤᱧᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱤᱡᱩ ᱥᱮᱠᱮᱱᱰ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱨᱤᱪᱟᱨᱰ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱟᱥ
1970 ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱥ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱚᱨ ᱠᱩᱣᱤᱱᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱟᱥ (Richard Marcus) ᱰᱤᱞᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱴ-ᱯᱚᱥᱴᱤᱝ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ᱾ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱮ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ, ᱠᱨᱮᱯᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱞᱮᱠᱡᱮᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱚᱛᱚ 25 ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱷᱚᱛᱚ 2000 ᱨᱮ ᱛᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱚᱥᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ 2003 ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱵᱚᱨᱱᱚᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱯᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱚᱡᱮᱱᱵᱟᱡᱤᱰᱚᱡᱮᱱ1–12, 13–24 ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ 25–36, ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱛᱟᱱ 2:1᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣᱟ, ᱪᱤᱯ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱪᱤᱯ, ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ-ᱟ; ᱰᱤᱞᱟᱨ ᱰᱚᱡᱮᱱ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱛᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱛᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱤᱛ ᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴ ᱚᱯ ᱜᱟᱫᱤ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ $100 ᱪᱤᱯ ᱮ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ᱾ ᱫᱟᱵᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ $100 ᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴ ᱚᱯ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱯᱤᱴ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱟᱯ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ $3,500 ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱞᱮᱭᱟᱣᱴᱥᱟᱡ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱᱞᱮᱭᱟᱣᱴᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱞᱤ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ: ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ, ᱯᱷᱮᱞᱴ, ᱠᱟᱯᱲᱟ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤᱜᱚᱱᱤᱛᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱟᱣᱥᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ: ᱭᱩᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ 2.70%᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱜᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱥᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱟ
ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱟᱥ ᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱥᱴ-ᱯᱚᱥᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱡᱤᱵᱟᱡᱤᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱡᱤᱡᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱜᱷᱮᱨᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱠᱥᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ: ᱰᱚᱡᱮᱱ, ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ $5,000 ᱪᱤᱯ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ $5 ᱪᱤᱯ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱯ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱞᱩᱜᱩᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱰᱤᱞᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱟᱫᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱰᱤᱞᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱯ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱛᱟᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ $5,005, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱚᱡᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ $10,010᱾ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱡᱷᱟᱰᱩ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱟᱥ ᱜᱟᱫᱤ ᱮ ᱨᱟᱠᱟᱵ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱞᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ $5 ᱪᱤᱯ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ; ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱫᱚ $10 ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱫ ᱰᱤᱞᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱡᱤᱛ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱟᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱛᱟᱱ ᱵᱚᱸᱫ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱷᱚᱛᱚ $5 ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ᱾
ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ
ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱟᱫᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱚᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱤᱞᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱬ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱰᱤᱜᱤ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱵᱚᱞ ᱫᱩᱲᱩᱯ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱰᱤᱞᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱡᱷᱮᱫᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟᱭ, ᱥᱮ ᱵᱚᱞ ᱞᱚᱜᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱮᱨᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱚᱱᱤᱠ ᱵᱚᱸᱫ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱵᱚᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱠᱚᱫᱚᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱢᱮᱨᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱰᱤᱞᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱢᱮᱥᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱚᱯᱷᱴᱣᱮᱭᱟᱨ
ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱚᱱᱤᱠ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱪᱤᱯ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱳᱰ ᱛᱮ ᱮ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲᱟ᱾ 2007 ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱸᱰᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱜᱟᱶᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ IT ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱮᱠᱴᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱵᱷ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱟᱨᱢᱤᱱᱟᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱛ ᱪᱤᱴᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟᱣᱟ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ £600 ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱮᱞ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱤᱡᱩᱜ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱥᱮ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱤᱱ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱷᱚᱛᱚ £33,000 ᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱪᱩᱨᱤ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱟᱹᱛᱩᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ 2010 ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱤᱨ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱹ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱤᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱭᱥᱮᱱᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱯᱷᱴᱣᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱᱟᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱠᱷᱟ᱾ ᱞᱟᱭᱥᱮᱱᱥ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱞᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱡᱮᱱᱟᱨᱮᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚᱠ ᱯᱷᱚᱭᱥᱚᱞᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱟᱫᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱚᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟᱯ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: 2021 ᱨᱮ BetMGM ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱥᱤᱜᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ $50 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱷᱚᱛᱚ $3.3 ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱯᱷᱴᱣᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱛᱤᱞ ᱮ ᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ 2025 ᱨᱮ ᱨᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱯᱨᱤᱢ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱠᱚᱫᱚᱢᱟ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱩᱠᱩᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱮᱢ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱱᱴᱨᱮᱠᱴ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱫ ᱵᱤᱵᱟᱫ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱵᱩᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ᱾
ᱡᱟᱱᱛᱨᱚ ᱠᱚ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱚᱠᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ
ᱵᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ᱾ ᱡᱚᱥᱮᱯᱷ ᱡᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟ-ᱯᱮᱞᱟᱭᱳ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱧᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱭᱟᱥ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱᱟᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ᱾ ᱥᱯᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱯᱨᱤᱢ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ 2004 ᱨᱮ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱜᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟ-ᱯᱮᱞᱟᱭᱳᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱩᱫᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱭᱩᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱭᱩᱴᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱛᱤᱥ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ᱾ ᱱᱮᱵᱷᱟᱰᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱵᱱᱟ ᱯᱚᱨᱚᱠᱷ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱡᱟᱱᱛᱨᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱥᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, ᱟᱨ 1985 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱟ᱾ ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱢᱵᱞᱤᱝ ᱮᱠᱴ 2005 ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱩᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ; 2017 ᱨᱮ UK ᱥᱩᱯᱨᱤᱢ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱟᱭᱵᱷᱤ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱥᱮᱥ ᱡᱮᱱᱴᱤᱝ (Ivey v Genting) ᱨᱮ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱭᱩᱴᱟᱨᱜᱚᱱᱥᱟᱞᱳ ᱜᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟ-ᱯᱮᱞᱟᱭᱳ: ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢᱡᱚᱥᱮᱯᱷ ᱡᱮᱜᱟᱨ: ᱢᱚᱱᱴᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱞᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱥᱴᱨᱮᱴᱮᱡᱤ
ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ
ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱫ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱦᱱᱤ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱮᱴᱮᱨᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱯᱤᱭᱮᱨ ᱰᱩᱜᱟᱞ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱧᱪ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ 19 ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱮ ᱫᱷᱚᱠᱟ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ, ᱫᱤᱱ, ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱠᱚᱫᱚᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟᱭ᱾ ᱢᱚᱱᱤᱠ ᱞᱚᱨᱟᱸ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ 1970 ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱜᱟᱨᱮᱴ ᱯᱮᱠᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱢᱤᱴᱟᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱳ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱵᱚᱞ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ, ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ, ᱴᱟᱠᱟ, “5 ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱸ” ᱥᱮ “$1 ᱢᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱱ”, ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱛᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱤᱞᱟᱹᱣᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱟᱜᱚᱡ, ᱟᱫᱟᱞᱚᱛ ᱚᱞ ᱥᱮ ᱯᱚᱛᱚᱵ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱞᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱬ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱞ: ᱜᱟᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟ-ᱯᱮᱞᱟᱭᱳ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱠᱚᱫᱚᱢᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱯᱮᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱷᱚᱭᱥᱚᱞᱟ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱥ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱯᱨᱤᱢ ᱠᱳᱨᱴ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱟᱨ ᱨᱤᱪᱟᱨᱰ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱟᱥ, ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱵᱷᱭᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ, ᱛᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱚᱥᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾
ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱵᱟ
ᱰᱤᱞᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱯ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ “ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱵᱟᱝᱦᱚᱨᱟᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱵᱟᱝᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱵᱚᱸᱫ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱰᱤᱞᱟᱨ ᱨᱚᱲ (ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ)᱾ ᱪᱤᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ, ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱣ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ →” ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱞ ᱫᱩᱲᱩᱯ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱭᱟᱣᱴ ᱮ ᱵᱚᱸᱫᱟ᱾ ᱰᱚᱞᱤᱥᱟᱡ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱᱰᱚᱞᱤᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱞᱮᱭᱟᱣᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱮᱞ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱛ ᱮᱞ ᱮ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱯᱷᱮᱞᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱡᱤᱛᱤᱡ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱛᱟᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱪᱤᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱷᱟᱰᱩᱜ-ᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱛᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱞᱮᱭᱟᱣᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱪᱤᱯ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱰᱤᱞᱟᱨ ᱯᱤᱴ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱨᱚᱲᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱟᱥ ᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱵᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱦᱤᱞ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱪᱤᱯᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞᱨᱚᱝ ᱪᱤᱯᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱪᱤᱯ, ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮ, ᱵᱟᱭ ᱤᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱷᱤᱠ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱥᱟᱶ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ: ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱪᱮᱠ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ →, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱚᱝ, ᱵᱤᱫᱮᱥᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱯ ᱯᱨᱚᱠᱟᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱮᱠᱷᱟᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱢᱮᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱛᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱠᱚᱨᱰᱟ᱾ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱟᱞᱟ᱾
ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱬ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ
ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱟᱭᱥᱮᱱᱥ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱛᱤᱦᱟᱹᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱩᱴᱟᱹᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ, ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ᱾ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱚᱰᱥ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ ᱥᱚᱱᱫᱮᱦᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾ ᱰᱚᱞᱤ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱯᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱵᱽ ᱯᱮ, ᱡᱤᱛ ᱪᱤᱯ ᱦᱚᱸ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱢᱮᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱜᱮ ᱰᱤᱞᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱮ ᱯᱮ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱫᱟᱭᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱫ ᱰᱤᱜᱤ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱫ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱩᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱯᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱟᱭᱥᱮᱱᱥ ᱱᱤᱭᱚᱱᱛᱨᱚᱠ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱞᱟᱭᱥᱮᱱᱥ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱮᱞᱚᱸᱰ 1890 ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱧᱟᱯᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟᱭ᱾
ᱠᱩᱠᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ
ᱵᱟᱝ᱾ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱚᱱᱰᱮ ᱴᱷᱚᱜᱽ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
ᱱᱮᱵᱷᱟᱰᱟ ᱨᱮ 1985 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱚᱱᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱱᱛᱨᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱠᱩᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ; ᱮᱰᱣᱟᱱᱴᱮᱡ ᱯᱞᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱯᱮ᱾
ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱞᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱮᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱵᱷᱭᱩ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ, ᱛᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱚᱥᱤ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟᱭ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱩᱱᱤ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱮᱞ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱫ ᱥᱟᱞᱟᱦ ᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾
ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱥᱢᱤᱛᱷᱥᱳᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ 1930 ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱞᱟᱭᱥᱮᱱᱥ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱠᱷᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱩᱢᱵᱚᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱡᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱚᱦᱟ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ᱾
ᱢᱚᱠᱚᱫᱚᱢᱟ᱾ ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱴᱮᱰ ᱥᱴᱮᱴᱥ, ᱱᱤᱭᱩᱡᱤᱞᱮᱱᱰ, ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱟᱯᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱞᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱡᱷᱮᱫᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱡᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ᱾
ᱜᱚᱱᱤᱛ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ
ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱟᱯᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱯᱮ᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱠᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ; ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱷᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱮ᱾
ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱥᱴ-ᱯᱚᱥᱴᱤᱝ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮ ᱱᱚᱢᱵᱚᱨ ᱰᱚᱡᱮᱱᱵᱟᱡᱤᱰᱚᱡᱮᱱ1–12, 13–24 ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ 25–36, ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱛᱟᱱ 2:1᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱮᱭᱟᱣᱴᱥᱟᱡ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱᱞᱮᱭᱟᱣᱴᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱪᱷᱟᱯᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱡᱟᱹᱞᱤ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ: ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ, ᱯᱷᱮᱞᱴ, ᱠᱟᱯᱲᱟ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱵᱮᱥᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ: 25 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ 36 ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ 4 ᱪᱤᱯᱴᱟᱠᱟᱪᱤᱯᱛᱷᱤᱠ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱴᱚᱠᱮᱱ, ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱭᱟᱣᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ: ᱪᱮᱠ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱟᱨ ᱰᱚᱡᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱠᱥᱚ ᱨᱮ 20 ᱪᱤᱯ᱾ ᱰᱚᱡᱮᱱ ᱦᱤᱴ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣᱟ, ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱤᱴ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱹᱝᱜᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱮᱫ?
ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ
ᱛᱮᱞᱟ ᱦᱤᱴ ᱨᱮ +136 ᱪᱤᱯ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱤᱴ ᱨᱮ −68, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱣᱥᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ 3.58 ᱪᱤᱯ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣᱟ, 68 ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱬ 5.26%᱾ ᱰᱚᱡᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ 3.2 ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱦᱤᱴ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ 68 ᱪᱤᱯ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ 25 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ 36 ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ-ᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 4 ᱪᱤᱯ 35 ᱨᱮ 1 ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ-ᱟ: 144 ᱪᱤᱯ᱾ ᱰᱚᱡᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ 20 ᱪᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ 2 ᱨᱮ 1 ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱛᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱟ: 60 ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ 68 ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ 204, +136᱾ ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ 68 ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱟᱣᱥᱚᱛ: (12 × 136 − 26 × 68)/38 = (1,632 − 1,768)/38 = ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ −3.58 ᱪᱤᱯ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ 68 ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 5.26%᱾ ᱰᱚᱡᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ 38 ᱨᱮ 12 ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱩᱪᱟᱹᱲᱚᱜ-ᱟ, ᱟᱣᱥᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ 3.2 ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ᱾
ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤᱜᱚᱱᱤᱛᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱟᱣᱥᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ: ᱭᱩᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱩᱞᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ 2.70%᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱥᱤ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱠᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱮ ᱮᱢᱟ: ᱴᱮᱵᱩᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱩᱲᱩᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱨᱚᱬ, ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱩᱜᱛᱟᱱᱴᱟᱠᱟᱵᱷᱩᱜᱛᱟᱱᱡᱤᱛ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲᱟ, ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ “X ᱨᱮ 1” ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱨᱚᱲᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱰᱤᱞᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱟ᱾
ᱠᱩᱭᱤᱱ (Quinn) ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 1890 ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱴᱥᱟᱡ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱᱯᱷᱨᱮᱴᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱦᱟ ᱟᱲ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱤᱞᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱞᱥᱟᱡ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱᱵᱚᱞᱨᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱞᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱴᱨᱮᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱤᱰᱤ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱵᱚᱞ᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜᱟᱜ ᱵᱚᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱣᱚᱨᱤᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱴᱮᱯᱷᱞᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ, 18–21 mm᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱟᱨᱟᱜᱵᱟᱡᱤᱟᱨᱟᱜ18 ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ᱾ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱧᱪ ᱨᱮ: ᱨᱩᱡᱽ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱥᱮ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮᱵᱟᱡᱤᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ18 ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ᱾ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱧᱪ ᱨᱮ: ᱱᱣᱟᱨ᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱥᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ᱾ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱯᱮ ᱡᱮ ᱰᱚᱵᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱨᱚᱪᱟᱠᱟᱡᱤᱨᱚᱢᱤᱫᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱨᱭᱟᱹᱲ ᱠᱷᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ, ᱰᱚᱡᱮᱱ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱞᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱵᱟᱭ ᱠᱚᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ; ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱞ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ: ᱥᱤᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱡᱤᱨᱚ, 0᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱫᱚ 18 ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱹᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱜᱮ, ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤᱞᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱟᱯᱮ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤᱭᱟ᱾ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ $10 ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱚᱨᱚᱪ ᱱᱤᱛ ᱪᱮᱫ? ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ?
ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ
ᱛᱮᱞᱟ 18 ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱵᱟᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ, 5.26% ᱠᱷᱚᱱ 10.53%: ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱨᱮ $0.53 ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ $1.05᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱫᱚ 27 ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ 8 ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ 30% ᱚᱠᱛᱚ᱾
ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱟᱜ 38 ᱨᱮ 18 ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾ ᱡᱩᱫᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ s ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱵᱱᱟᱜᱚᱱᱤᱛᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱵᱱᱟᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱡᱟᱞᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱵᱱᱟ, 0 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ 1 ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ 0% ᱠᱷᱚᱱ 100%᱾ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱞ: 1/37 = 2.70%᱾ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ → ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟ, ᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ (1 − s) × 18/38 ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱵᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜ-ᱟ᱾
s = 1/18 ᱥᱟᱶ: (17/18) × (18/38) = 17/38᱾ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱫᱚ 17/38 ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱵᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ $10 ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨ 21/38 ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱵᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ $10 ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱣᱚᱜ-ᱟ, ᱟᱣᱥᱚᱛ −$40/38 = −$1.05, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 10.53%᱾ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ −$20/38 = −$0.53, ᱵᱟᱝᱠᱷᱟᱱ 5.26%᱾
ᱯᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ: ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱝ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ 2p − 1, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ p ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱟᱵᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ 2p − 1 = −1/3 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ p = 1/3᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ (1 − s) × 18/38 = 1/3, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ 1 − s = 38/54 ᱟᱨ s = 16/54 = 8/27, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ 29.6%᱾
ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱟᱨᱟᱯ ᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱤᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ: ᱜᱮᱞ ᱤᱨᱟᱹᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ, ᱮᱠᱮᱞ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱡᱤ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ, ᱨᱮᱞᱤᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱴᱟᱠᱟ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣᱟ᱾
ᱵᱟᱹᱜᱤ ᱜᱷᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣᱟᱨᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱛᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜ-ᱟᱠᱮᱥᱤᱱᱳ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ38 ᱨᱮ 185.26%18 ᱨᱮ 138 ᱨᱮ 1710.53%6 ᱨᱮ 138 ᱨᱮ 1521.05%27 ᱨᱮ 83 ᱨᱮ 133.33%ᱡᱚᱛᱚᱛᱤᱥ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱝ100%
ᱞᱟᱸᱫᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚᱢᱤᱠ
ᱪᱟᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱢᱵᱷᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ
- Marcus, R. American Roulette: How I Turned the Odds Upside Down.
- CDC Gaming Reports. “Richard Marcus: from the wrong side of the casino tables to the right.”
- Goldman, N. Great Gambling Scams.
- Nevada Revised Statutes, chapter 465.
- Quinn, J. P. Fools of Fortune; or, Gambling and Gamblers.
- Quinn, J. P. Gambling and Gambling Devices.
- Bollman, M. Mathematics of the Big Four Casino Table Games: Blackjack, Baccarat, Craps, & Roulette.
- National Museum of American History. Roulette wheel, H. C. Evans & Co., Chicago, 1930s.
- New Jersey Administrative Code.
- Federal Bureau of Investigation, New Orleans. “Leader of conspiracy to defraud L’Auberge Casino in Lake Charles sentenced in federal court.”
- Department of Internal Affairs, New Zealand. “Hamilton Casino cheats penalised.”
- Blackpool Gazette. “Croupiers jailed for casino scam.”
- The Register. “IT contractors convicted of UK casino hack scam.”
- Marraco, M. “‘Los Pelayos’ vencen al casino en la ruleta y en el Supremo.”
- Gambling Act 2005 (c. 19).
- Ivey v Genting Casinos (UK) Ltd.